Why do English Language Learners (ELL) struggle with Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency?

Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) refers to the language skills required for understanding and using academic language within subject areas such as math, science, and social studies. English Language Learners (ELL) often struggle with CALP because it entails a high level of linguistic complexity, including abstract concepts, specialized vocabulary, and intricate grammatical structures that are not commonly used in everyday communication.

This proficiency is crucial for succeeding in an academic setting, as it involves understanding nuanced language, interpreting figurative language, and engaging with advanced texts and discussions. ELL students may be adept at Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS), which focuses on conversational language used in social contexts, but they might find it challenging to transition into the more demanding academic language represented by CALP. This distinction highlights the depth of understanding and language use required to navigate and succeed in academic environments, making CALP a significant hurdle for ELLs.